Irony in Tobias Wolffs Hunters in the Snow and Diane...

Irony in Tobias Wolff’s â€Å"Hunters in the Snow† and Alice Munro’s â€Å"How I Met My Husband† Irony expresses and often underlines the contrast between two opposite concepts creating an indirect, more sophisticated method of communication. Irony is as efficient in a literary work, as the reader can perceive it. Therefore, often times the reader must carefully analyze the material, reading it repeatedly if necessary, in order to fully understand the author’s message and intent. Tobias Wolff and Alice Munro employ irony in their short stories in attempt to surprise the readers, giving them an opportunity for discovery. In Wolff’s â€Å"Hunters in the Snow†, irony acts as a tragicomedy agent, but its role is mainly to reveal the true nature of†¦show more content†¦The main character seems to be Tub, an overweight man with an eating disorder, since he was presented first and also in most detail. Even though Tub is being overly cautious with his rifle by taking the bolt out before he enters the truck, which is not a common practice among hunter s, he later shoots Kenny in a blink of an eye. The author mentions that Tub â€Å"shot from the waist† (91), which means that this was an instinctive reflex in self-defense. The other two characters are Kenny, the prankster of the group and Frank, the intellectual of the group, who seems like the leader of the group in the beginning of the story. Both Kenny and Tub look up to Frank and show him what seems to be undeserved respect. As we find out later on he is clearly unworthy of the respect initially given to him. The irony of the situation is that Frank becomes quickly a subordinate of Tubs will. After Tub stands up to Frank and confronts him physically about the constant bullying, Frank instantly loses face and starts trying to please Tub in any way possible, completely ignoring the wounded Kenny. From being the leader of the group he becomes this puppy, doing everything he can to gain Tub’s approval, as his initial friendship to Kenny seems to have evaporated or never have truly existed. This

The Rise Of Team Management - 1724 Words

Team management arose in Japan and Israel, after the development in North America, it broke through the limitation of culture and spread worldwide. Management team is defined as the work of 2 to 20 members of groups, whose work tasks associated with each other’s and jointly responsible for the results of team work (Demaetto, 1997). The rise of team management can not only improve the employees’ satisfaction, promote the transformation and creativity, control and constraint members behavior effectively (Levati, 1975), but also has great significance in preventing negative effects after the increase of organization scale. Compared to the traditional work groups linked to the organizational structure, â€Å"team† in modern enterprises are more†¦show more content†¦The turnover of top managers of a company is very important and may provide for the conflicting results on the effects of the outsider succession (Karaevli, 2007). However, in real life, because there is always a variety of difficulties need to be solved in people’s relationship, it is hard to find a perfect team. Then, the problem is how can we minimize the differences and gaps, give full play to each team member s personal advantages, and maximize the advantages of the whole team? First of all, in the initial phase of building the team, manager should have efficient, reasonable planning. Many of management tools can be used to simplify the team construction work. By understanding of employees in depth, managers can define their team members’ advantages and disadvantages, the likelihood of work and style to deal with problems, the difference of basic values, etc.; Through these analysis to obtain between team members in the formation of a common faith and a consistent view of team purpose and to establish the team running rules and mechanisms. Evaluating the comprehensive ability of the team by analyzing the team environment, then find out the gap between present comprehensive ability and requirement of accomplishing the goal, and make it clear how teams play advantage, avoid threat and improve the ability to meet the challenges. It is important to make each team member understand team

Gay Marriage Rights Free Essays

After the legalizations in Massachusetts and, most recently, California, gay marriage has been a growing trend in the United States. In the 8 months since the legalization, more and more gay couples have been rushing to California to tie the knot. However, California and Massachusetts are not the first to make an effort to strengthen the bonds of homosexual couples some European countries including Denmark, Holland, some Scandinavian countries, and others have legalized same-sex marriage and have found the results positive. We will write a custom essay sample on Gay Marriage Rights or any similar topic only for you Order Now Gay marriage has been a contradictory issue since gay men and women began requesting marriage licenses. However, gays are denied their rights to marriage licenses, which is denying then their rights as American citizens. Gays should be treated equally to heterosexuals and granted their rights to marry the person they love, whether they are the same or opposite gender. Although the idea of a same-sex wedding hasn’t been legal long enough for statistics to be developed on children of same-sex marriages’ developmental upbringing, or that they are harmed by their environment, many people seem to think that they will be less healthy or normal if the couple that raises them are homosexual. People believe that the children will grow up to be gay, or different from any normally raised child, if they don’t grow up in a â€Å"normal† family. The results of studies testing these ideas are quite contrary to the popular belief of heterosexual couples. In fact, the studies show that children raised by gay couples seem to be more adjusted than the â€Å"normally† raised ones. The argument that children raised in homosexual households will grow up to be gay is completely illegitimate. In a study of over 300 children of homosexual parents, there have been no indications that there are any disturbances in the development of the child’s sexual identity, or the lifestyle that the child will live later in life. In reality, most children raised by heterosexuals are not raised in normal households. With divorce also becoming popular we have families with three kids and only one parent. There is no doubt that homosexuals want to have children, and not only is the ban of gay marriage denying their rights to be married, but also denying them their rights to have a two-parent family with children. Some also say that marriage is between a man and a woman for procreation purposes, and that gays cannot naturally produce children. If this were the case then wouldn’t the state prohibit marriage between heterosexuals when one, or both, are sterile? If the purpose of marriage is, in fact, for procreation then who’s to say that post-menopausal women should have the right to marry? Children in foster care and orphanages are also a problem, so why not kill two birds with one stone and give gays their rights and orphans or unwanted children a home and a family that loves them? Another argument against gay marriage is that it is against religion. Whose religion? Some religions, such as Buddhism, actually celebrate gay marriage. The fact that gay marriages are illegal goes against not only the gays’ rights, but their rights also. And the fact that people are bringing the bible into their arguments also means that other religions religious rights are being infringed. The bible has no standing in American law, this was made clear by the first amendment of the United States constitution, and no one has any right or authority to set rules based on something they take as a moral injunction stated by the bible. The Christian and catholic religions cannot speak for all religions, and the United Stated government is allowing them to do just that. The main purpose of our government is to preserve the rights of the citizens, and at this, our government has failed. Homosexuals are not the only people being denied their rights, but also the members of certain religions that support same-sex marriages. Along with this, people also say that gay marriage would force churches that have an objection to perform gay marriage to perform same-sex weddings. There is no law stating that any church would be required to marry any couple, heterosexual or otherwise, that they do not wish to. Gay marriage would not change the churches right to refuse to sanctify any marriage that they do not wish to. It would only give churches the opportunity to legally wed gay couples if they would like to. None of the arguments above are valid. So now, let us examine the true reasons that people oppose the marriage of homosexual couples. Most people just are not comfortable with the idea. For years now, society has promoted the idea that two men or two women being married is wrong. This is mostly because of the arguments mentioned previously. However, none of those objections make sense! So neither does the idea that gay marriage is wrong. Being uncomfortable with a proposal is not a valid reason to oppose it. It is selfish to infringe other human beings’ rights for your How to cite Gay Marriage Rights, Papers

Impact of Mental Illness Essay Example For Students

Impact of Mental Illness Essay Impact of Mental Illness Essay Mental illness has the potential to impact every faucet of an individuals life, as well as the lives of those close to them, including relationships (family and friends), vocational, financial, and behavioral tendencies. These effects differ between each individual due to the treatment approaches taken, the variety of diagnoses, and the intenseness of symptoms. At the age of seventeen Joe felt clueless when his usual good quality school and family life began to change due to a string of stressful experiences. Although his diagnosis was not made immediately, the symptoms of schizophrenia affected his daily life. He became delusional, began to withdrawal from friends, his senses were distorted and overall he was uncomfortable around people. Two categories were created to illustrate the impact on family members caring for an individual with a mental disorder. These are identified as objective burden and subjective burden. An objective burden refers to such things as disruptions to family relationships, limitations in leisure and vocational activities, and financial difficulties. (Dore et al., 2001; Magliano et al., 1998). High rates in separation and divorce among relationships where a spouse has a mental illness is an example of an objective burden (Dore et al., 2001). Following three semesters in University, Joes symptoms of delusion came back leading him to temporarily drop out of school. This interruption in his educational experience also constitutes as an example of objective burden. Subjective burden describes the personal feelings and reactions experienced by family members (Dore et al., 2001; Magliano et al. , 1998). These feelings may consist of being distressed, angry, grief, loss from past to present situations, embarrassed, unhappy, and guilty if an individual feels they were the cause of the illness (Dore et al., 2001). Diannes father was diagnosed with schizophrenia twice and never followed through with treatment. His symptoms caused him to believe that his wife was out to get him and he confided this situation to Dianne, who he later claimed was not his daughter due to an extramarital affair on her mothers behalf. During the time of his illness he abandoned his wife and soon after stopped communicating with Dianne as well. The turmoil experienced by the family sent Diannes mother into a depressed state, she is now on medication, and affected Diannes life in great measures. Although now she feels she is a better person because of her experience she was greatly influenced by the initial change in her fathers attitudes. Mental illness does not only have an effect on relationships, occupation, recreation and finances, but also the overall routine of an individuals daily life. An example of this may be the individuals reaction, or lack thereof, to environmental stimuli, which may imply a distorted viewpoint (Barlow, D.H. et al. , 1995). When Joe first started experiencing symptoms he became introverted and uncomfortable around people. As a result of a distortion of his senses he began to react to his peers coughing. He felt as though every time he moved they would cough and this sense of paranoia kept Joe from much movement, eventually this played a part in his leaving university. A common area of schizophrenia is the idea of outside forces that preoccupy the individual, in turn disrupting their own thoughts and actions. When Orton was first diagnosed and put on medication he thought his pills were placebos and overdosed. Ortons overdosing was repetitive and ended up in hospitalization following each stint. This example can also show how certain medications impact the individual and may also affect those who are connected to the individual. Another occurrence in Ortons life was nearly sexually assaulting a woman while he was in the hospital. During this time he had aggressive tendencies towards females, but is now on a medication that keeps his aggression low. This along with his attentive social skills has kept him from even thinking about hurting a woman. A more physical effect is Ortons tardive dyskinesia which is a disorder caused by long-term use of antipsychotic drugs. .u75b041da5d636169af5e3d437743be00 , .u75b041da5d636169af5e3d437743be00 .postImageUrl , .u75b041da5d636169af5e3d437743be00 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u75b041da5d636169af5e3d437743be00 , .u75b041da5d636169af5e3d437743be00:hover , .u75b041da5d636169af5e3d437743be00:visited , .u75b041da5d636169af5e3d437743be00:active { border:0!important; } .u75b041da5d636169af5e3d437743be00 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u75b041da5d636169af5e3d437743be00 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u75b041da5d636169af5e3d437743be00:active , .u75b041da5d636169af5e3d437743be00:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u75b041da5d636169af5e3d437743be00 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u75b041da5d636169af5e3d437743be00 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u75b041da5d636169af5e3d437743be00 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u75b041da5d636169af5e3d437743be00 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u75b041da5d636169af5e3d437743be00:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u75b041da5d636169af5e3d437743be00 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u75b041da5d636169af5e3d437743be00 .u75b041da5d636169af5e3d437743be00-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u75b041da5d636169af5e3d437743be00:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Tradegy of JUlius Caesar Essay It often results in constant chewing motions and sometimes disappears after drugs are withdrawn, but there are chances of it being indefinite (MerckMedicus, 2000). In Ortons case, the tardive dyskinesia is subdued by his .

Write Amirs diary for the day he witnesses Hassans rape, explaining his feelings and why he did not intervene Essay Example

Write Amirs diary for the day he witnesses Hassans rape, explaining his feelings and why he did not intervene Essay There are two things I cant stop thinking about: the resignation in Hassans face, and his brown corduroy pants which were lay against the pile of eroded bricks. I almost said something. Almost. But I will never be the mard my father expects me to be. Never be a real man. But does it matter now? Was it all worth it? After all, Baba is proud of me now, and he doesnt have to know what I did. And now, it will be happily ever after, of course. Why should I let Hassan ruin that for me? After all, isnt he just a Hazara? My Hazara? He is just the lamb I had to slay to win Baba. And I did it; I won Baba. When I returned home with the kite, my blue kite, and Baba had welcomed me, like a hero, finally acknowledging my worthiness, I had forgotten about it, just for a minute. And that felt good. But now, I am unworthy. I will never grow up to be like Baba, never have a reputation like his. Never have his nang. Namoos. His honour and his pride. Because I am a coward, and that is all I aspire to be. Baba even said, Im not like the other boys, and Im not like him. And hes right. I did nothing. I just stood and watched my lamb, my Hassan, prepare to be slaughtered. And then I ran. I didnt want to get hurt. I didnt want to face Assef. I didnt want to save him. And I wish things had turned out another way, I really do, but they never could have because I am a coward. We will write a custom essay sample on Write Amirs diary for the day he witnesses Hassans rape, explaining his feelings and why he did not intervene specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Write Amirs diary for the day he witnesses Hassans rape, explaining his feelings and why he did not intervene specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Write Amirs diary for the day he witnesses Hassans rape, explaining his feelings and why he did not intervene specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Baba would never even look at me again if he knew what I did. Ive finally made him proud, finally won his heart. But that would all change if he knew. And now Im unsure as to which one Id rather have; Babas love, or Hassans pure devotion. Hassan is the one who has always loved me. His first word was Amir. We had a brotherhood, a kinship that nothing could break, because we had fed from the same breast. We were the sultans of Kabul. Now I cant even look him in the eye. Im too afraid of what I will see. Does he know I know? Will he blame me for what happened? Or worse, will he still call me his best friend, still look at me with guileless devotion? If I were more like Hassan or Baba, or any other boy my age, I could have fought for him, just like he always does for me. But now Im going to fight. Fight against him. How can I live with him always being here? I dont want Baba giving any of his new-found affections for me to Hassan either. I can be the one who makes his stone jump the most time now, Im the one who can look after myself, and Im the one who father is proud of. Now there will be no reason as to why Baba should ever pat Hassan on the back again, and never see me fail next to him. Baba will always love me more, from now on. Without Hassan here any more, maybe I can forget what I have done, and I can accept Babas love without guilt.

Free Essays on Culture Wars

Culture Wars While I, as an artist, feel that the debate over Serrano’s â€Å"Piss Christ† and Mapplethorpe’s â€Å"The Perfect Moment† exhibit is ridiculous, I can appreciate the need for debate in our society. A world where everyone agrees with everyone else, while impossible, would be incredibly frustrating to live in. As a whole our society thrives on debate. This is why we have a political democracy, or some form of it, and not a dictatorship. Dissent and debate are important tools in our culture that are used to further the knowledge and understanding of society. Censorship should not be part of this system. Censorship has been an issue for as long as have been organized power structures in communities. Censorship is something that is done by people who are afraid of new ideas, different ideas, and ideas that are not given to them by someone higher up than themselves. Censorship is based on fear, the fear of losing one’s power, the fear of corrupting morals, the fear that young adults and children are not capable of thinking for themselves, and the fear that god will not approve. One of the main focuses behind censorship is religion. Religion is a tool that is used by powerful men who wish to have an easy means of control. Religion is thought to be a rational set of standards by which people are supposed to live their lives, but it seems more like a control mechanism for those who desire power. The American Family Association is a good example of how religion can mobilize a group of people to censor things that otherwise would be considered normal. On their website the AFA states, â€Å"The bible is clear on the matter of homosexuality. It is a sin†¦ The consequences of calling this behavior anything but what god calls it are staggering. For example, AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases are rampant among homosexuals† (See attached material). This one sided, biased opinion omits the fact that the AID... Free Essays on Culture Wars Free Essays on Culture Wars Culture Wars While I, as an artist, feel that the debate over Serrano’s â€Å"Piss Christ† and Mapplethorpe’s â€Å"The Perfect Moment† exhibit is ridiculous, I can appreciate the need for debate in our society. A world where everyone agrees with everyone else, while impossible, would be incredibly frustrating to live in. As a whole our society thrives on debate. This is why we have a political democracy, or some form of it, and not a dictatorship. Dissent and debate are important tools in our culture that are used to further the knowledge and understanding of society. Censorship should not be part of this system. Censorship has been an issue for as long as have been organized power structures in communities. Censorship is something that is done by people who are afraid of new ideas, different ideas, and ideas that are not given to them by someone higher up than themselves. Censorship is based on fear, the fear of losing one’s power, the fear of corrupting morals, the fear that young adults and children are not capable of thinking for themselves, and the fear that god will not approve. One of the main focuses behind censorship is religion. Religion is a tool that is used by powerful men who wish to have an easy means of control. Religion is thought to be a rational set of standards by which people are supposed to live their lives, but it seems more like a control mechanism for those who desire power. The American Family Association is a good example of how religion can mobilize a group of people to censor things that otherwise would be considered normal. On their website the AFA states, â€Å"The bible is clear on the matter of homosexuality. It is a sin†¦ The consequences of calling this behavior anything but what god calls it are staggering. For example, AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases are rampant among homosexuals† (See attached material). This one sided, biased opinion omits the fact that the AID...

EXAM QUESTION Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

EXAM QUESTION - Coursework Example The expected cash outflows depend on the bulge of various cost elements, working capital and venture requirement. Particularly the inaccuracy of subjective forecasts and manager tendency to overestimate or underestimate the value of particular actions and its proving useful for evaluating alternatives marketing strategies (Bunn, 2009). It has three components namely value, brand and relationship equity. Value equity refers to customers’ company product assessment based on the offer, price and convenience. McDonalds is an example of a fast food company with a fair pricing policy, and this has raised customer equity and thus had a competition advantage over the competitors in marketing. The customer equity estimate from archived customer’s data enables managers to identify the financial impact of alternative marketing value drivers of the customer’s equity. The areas covered are brand advertising, quality or service improvements, loyalty programs. Through computation, it is possible to determine the economic return for prospective marketing initiative. Estimation of each customer’s lifetime value roots on the data about the frequency of their purchases in a category, the average quantity purchased and historical brand-switching patterns, combined with business’s contribution margin. The necessary purchase data is obtainable from the business’s sales records while brand-switching patterns estimates from either longitudinal panel data or survey data similar to those collected in customer satisfaction studies (Yu-Jia, 2011). It is a term used for an aspect essential for a business or project to achieve its set goals and mission. It is a small number of elements that tend to detach the winners from the losers. It is critical to alter the marketing strategies due to the ever-changing markets in order to meet and satisfy the customer’s needs. An example is in the retailing industry, where location is a fundamental factor. The industry

Discuss the effectiveness of the approach to recruitment and selection Assignment

Discuss the effectiveness of the approach to recruitment and selection at Jinnikins Jeans - Assignment Example A weak organizational culture can negatively affect an organization’s financial performance through lowering its turnover. An organization with weak structures and unclear processes incurs high operational costs. Furthermore, this can present negative future implications if the situation is not handled well. This paper explores the human resource situation at Jinnikins jeans and suggests possible courses of action. Introduction Jinnikinns jeans was founded in the late 90s by two brothers, namely Trevor and George who were both born and raised in East London. Their business model specialized in fashionable girl’s items, which were sourced from India. Local and value for money concept drove the business model. In their township, they established numerous cloth stalls from in London and Birmingham, and by the end of the 1190s, their business was held as a model of youthful entrepreneurship. Amos (2008, p. 180) categorically states that the business model of Jinnikinns was more informal as this was in line with their business style. It was equipped with a combination of their value of entrepreneurship, determination, creativity, and design. The two brothers accelerated their expansion in the mid 2000 through buying existing textile firms and conforming them to their own business design. Despite the vigor and psyche associated with this business model, the organization has continued to experience a low turnover in the recent past. The heavy investment in high-tech, state-of-the art building in Moseley has made its turnover to the tune of multi-millions (Kidner, 2012, p. 54). The new secretariat houses the Chairman of the Board, Managing Director, marketing, Finance Department, Information Technology, Human Resource Management, Design, Distribution and Fleet, and recently Production Department. The brand continues to generate volume sales basically through departmental stores in major cities. Others include leisure and outlets for children's clothing. T he board is considering using their own identity chain stores with the aim of expanding the firm’s market share from the current 9.75% (Kidner, 2012, p. 189). According to the latest financial reports, the firm’s gross turnover decreased by 31% and there is no clear explanation of the fall (Kidner, 2008, p. 190). This incidence; however, has caused no panic, as the brand â€Å"denim/jeans† is a universal brand, but its relative performance is high compared to its main competitors (Amos, 2008, p. 54). People Management The human resource department (HRM) is crucial in the implementation of policies regarding the workforce. The department is vital as it acts as a mediator between the employees and the employer, thereby bridging the gap between the two. One of the important roles that the department undertakes is to communicate the needs of the employees to the employer. On the other hand, the needs of the employer are communicated to the employees through the huma n resource department. An effective h resource human resource department can eliminate the need for trade unions as is represents the interests of both sides without bias. A human resource department that is not representative of employees’ interests can result to riots, strikes, go-slows wich can directly affect the productivity of the organization. Upon completion of their new building, Jinnikin’s top brass is housed in a single unit. George is the Chair of the board and

Transformation of Shell - 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Transformation of Shell - 4 - Essay Example From the results of a series of exercises conducted by several private management consultants, the company began to shift from their strict business attitude to social and environmental performance. As a result, the leadership attitude of the officials also changed; they geared up for taking more responsibilities. Similarly the Shell revised ‘General business Principles’ with regard to the results obtained from the integrity works. In addition to this, the company developed its own Web Site facilities in order to get timely feedback and suggestions from the public. Likewise, the shell international conducted ‘written and face to face’ conversations with stakeholders to remove their dissatisfaction. These changes were necessary for the Shell international since they had suffered a lot of internal as well as external problems such as Brent Spar issue, Nigerian human rights, and Shareholder campaigns. The resistance of Greenpeace to the disposal of Brent Spar at sea attained media coverage which reduced the company’s reputation among the public. The Shell also faced a consumer boycott which caused the decline of their sales volume to a large extent. Similarly â€Å"Shell’s return on average capital employed (ROACE), a common measure of performance in the petroleum industry, showed that the company lagged behind many of its competitors† (Lawrence, 2000, p.533). In addition to this the Shell executives had to compete with discount retailers at retail level which led them to reduce their efficiency in business operations. At the earlier stages the company had followed a matrix form of organization which resulted in red tapism and delayed decision making. The close analysis would make us think about the essential changes Shell required for taking advantage of maximum opportunities from the business. The Shell international had forgotten the basic principle that customers are the crucial part of a business without whom a business can

Analysis of Islamic Banking in the UK

Analysis of Islamic Banking in the UK This research plan will be a hub of attention to inspect the opportunities of progress and growth as well as the major challenges to Islamic banking in the UK. The UK is the hub of Islamic banking and contains importance in Islamic financial sector due to its fast growing Muslim population. Islamic banking is facing some great challenges in the UK because the financial system is more favourable to conventional banking. There are greater opportunities in the UK for development and growth of Islamic financial system because Muslim community is eager to take financial products and they are willing to spend their lives according to their religion. There is need to educate the Muslim community toward Islamic financial products; service providers need to improve the information system within the communities and Islamic banking institution is need to work hard for survival and compete with conventional banking system in the sector of regulations and supervisions. The keywords in this resear ch are Islamic banking, Islamic finance, Muslim population, Muslim scholars, Islamic banking growth in the UK and Islamic banking challenges. 2.0 RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE According to the figures of Office for National Statistics 2001, there was 1.6 million (2.8%) Muslims living in the United Kingdom but according to Home Secretary the Muslim population is increasing with high growth rate. In just seven years there is an increase of 40,000 Muslims in the UK and figures reached on 2 million which consist of 3.3% of total UK population. There was no any facility available to Muslim community before 2000 but the Muslim population want to spend their lives according to their faith. According to Islamic teaching interest is strongly prohibited in Islam and they want to take banking services such as saving accounts, current accounts, home finances, insurance and loan according to Islamic Shariah law. The United Kingdom is non-Muslim country and all its financial rules and regulation in favour of conventional banking. Because the Muslim community is active part of the UK economy, there was need to start a system which is acceptable to these people. Islamic b anking is started in the UK in 2003 with authorization of Financial services Authority. From 2003 to 2009 there is enough improvement and development in Islamic banking system. Currently two main high street conventional banks and one wholly Islamic bank are involved in Islamic banking services. But Islamic banking institution is still in the growth and infancy stage and Islamic banking is facing different challenges in this Western society such as socially, economically, fund management and regulations. With increasing popularity of Islamic banking in Western countries especially in the UK there are some difficulties in the way of Islamic Shariah law, Islamic banking system as well as the role of Financial Services Authority and UK Government are the critical issues. It is necessary to find out the opportunities for development and growth of Islamic banking in the UK and major challenges are faced by Islamic banking. 3.0 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The main objectives of this proposal is to find out the opportunities for development and growth of Islamic banking in UK and challenges which are currently faced by Islamic banking in the world and United Kingdom specially. The main objective of this research proposal is to investigate the basic understanding of Islamic banking in community and in  banking sector because without basic understanding it is difficult to develop this financial  system, whether there is any opportunity for growth and development in the UK and which kind of challenges is faced by Islamic banking. The objectives of the research proposal are to: Examine that how important to know the fundamentals for Islamic banking for Muslim community and service providers. Investigate that do Muslims really believe and know the difference between Islamic banking and conventional banking and what are the factors which make Islamic banking prior to conventional for Muslim community. How important in Sha riah law and its practise for Islamic finance and the role of Islamic scholars in promoting Islamic banking services and products. 4.0 LITERATURE REVIEW Literature review illustrates the concept, scope and principles of Islamic banking around the globe in general and specifically in the United Kingdom. Islamic banking is a universal concept in the conventional banking, which is in practice with its many products in most of high street banks in the UK like HSBC, Lloyd TSB and as well Islamic Bank of Britain. 5.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY There are two main research paradigms positivistic and phenomenological. It is possible that different authors may use the alternative terms for these main paradigms in different time. The most commonly and alternatively used the terms are quantitative research method for positivistic and qualitative for phenomenological (Collis and Hussey, 2003). The originally the positivistic paradigm was developed in the natural sciences to study natural phenomena and it is confirmatory and deductive in nature. The phenomenological paradigm was developed in the social sciences to facilitate the researchers to research and analyze social and cultural phenomena and this approach is exploratory and inductive in nature (www.socialresearchmethods). The paradigm is very important because it gives you a right path to use the right methodology. According to Collis and Hussy (2003 p.55) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Regardless of which paradigm you are employing, it is important that you pay attention to all the featur es, and ensure that there are no contradictions or deficiencies in your methodologyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The paradigm of this research is phenomenological because it tends to produce qualitative data not quantitative. The quantitative research is objective in nature that involves analysis of numerical data by applying statistical tests (Collis and Hussey, 2003). But the qualitative research is much more subjective in nature, concerned with generating theories and can be generalized in understanding of the phenomenon of challenges and opportunities of Islamic banking in UK. 6.0 RESEARCH PURPOSE Islamic banking is a hot topic in western countries especially in the UK. In the UK almost 2 million Muslims community is living and they want to spend their lives according to their religion (www.guardian.co.uk). This community is well contributing to the economy of the UK due to this the UK government gives more importance in the sector of Islamic banking. Nowadays the UK is the hub of Islamic banking and most of the high street banks providing the services of Islamic window. Due to this growing demand, Islamic banking faces some difficulties and challenges in western countries. The purpose of the study is to examine and analyze the growth and opportunities of Islamic banking in the UK.   7.0 RESEARCH METHOD For this research project, I chose to undertake qualitative research method. The qualitative method is a type of research that emphasizes the quality of meaning in consumer perceptions and behaviours; there are different criteria or techniques can be used in qualitative method such as in-depth interviews and focus groups. The most common qualitative research techniques include: In-depth interview Focus group Case study Direct observation   7.1 Reason for choosing In-depth interview: I chose in-depth interview technique for my qualitative research due to its unique advantages over other techniques such as focus group and questionnaires. In the way of in-depth interviews it is easy to speak to an individual and keep his attention on specific topic comparatively it is difficult in focus group interviews. There is a lot of time saving and reducing the hassles to take an appointment from individual. The main advantage of in-depth interview is that the interviews can be easily conducted with key community leaders through that researcher can get a fast overview of a community according to his requirements. 7.2 Sources of data: 7.2.1 Primary data: This research is based on a study of the UK because growing population of Muslims community is playing positive role for the UK economy. Actually most of the Muslims want to spend their lives according to their faith. In this case study it will be examined that what are the problems and opportunities in the UK for Islamic banking. I will use the qualitative method of research in this project. There are different techniques of qualitative method but according to the situation the in-depth interviews is more suitable form for this project. According to Collis and Hussey (2003) in phenomenological approach the interview questions are unstructured or semi- structured in pattern not closed questions like positivistic approach. The plan is that the researcher will prepare semi-structured questions that are helpful to take maximum information from interviewees because in closed questions it is possible that some important information will be ignored. In semi-structured interviews the resear cher has an opportunity to probe various areas and to raise specific queries during the semi-structured interviews. 7.3 Data collection methods: For the collection of primary data I shall use technique of in-depth interview. The plan is to hold the eight in-depth interviews from different sectors of the society. The researcher will hold four interviews from the banks authorities such as HSBC, Lloyd TSB and Islamic Bank of Britain that will give the clear facts and figures about the growth, opportunities and problems related to Islamic banking with reference to shariah compliance and Governmental authorities. Two with such Muslims who already customer of the Islamic banking which will facilitate the research through providing the information why they did take up Islamic banking, advantages and disadvantages of this system and as well about the scope of Islamic banking in UK. Two with such Muslims that are not using Islamic banking product which will helpful to investigate why they have not taken the Islamic banking product and which factors are stopping them from these services that are according to their faith. My plan is to speak to non-Muslims that are using the Islamic banking products that will provide the best information for the growth and strong fundamentals of Islamic banking. The planned is to conduct these interviews through sending letters to banking authorities and emails to customer services department of the perspective banks to arrange an appointment. To take interviews from customers and non-customers of the Islamic banking the interviewer will use the posters advertisement in the mosques and libraries in that area where the Muslims are living in majority. The interviews will be recorded using the voice recorder with the permission of the interviewees. If the voice recorder is not possible then the interviewer will take notes which will be summarized with full detail and also these notes will be available on demand for further investigation. 8.0 Research limitations: This research was proposed to be conducted in a very short span of 8 weeks, which forced the researchers to curtail the research from expanding in to a wider spectrum. According to the proposed planned of seven interviews it is possible that there should be some hurdle to get all information from customers of Islamic banking. In the course of research if the researcher will feel to get more widely information about the growth of Islamic banking then mini open ended questionnaires will be conducted. As the research was a part of student project there where huge limitations on financial resources. Lack of financial backup congests the team, which in turn curbed the research team from dilating the research. Conclusion: The purpose of research is to find out opportunities of growth and development as well the main challenges to Islamic banking in the United Kingdom. The primary data which was collected through in-depth interviews is to match with the different opinions of the community members about the scope and future of Islamic banking in the UK. The outcomes and results of these in-depth interviews are matched with aims and objectives of the research.

US Citizenship by Natural :: essays papers

US Citizenship by Natural The United States is a nation of Immigrants. For centuries people have come to the U.S. in search of prosperity, freedom and financial success. By definition of the Microsoft Bookshelf Encyclopedia an immigrant is a person who leaves one country to settle permanently in another country or region to which one is not native. People immigrate for different reasons -- A group of people may immigrate to another country because of some conditions which make it difficult for them to live in their home environment. According to Microsoft Bookshelf Encyclopedia, the reason for immigration is often social for example, population increases, defeat in war, desire for a better life through material gain and the search for religious or political freedom. These reasons have usually prompted many more immigrants to the U.S. than natural causes have. The website of the Federation for American Immigration Reform explains how the first great wave of immigrants came to the U.S. In the early 19th century, large numbers of people from Western Europe left their countries to escape poverty. Many of the immigrants also came to escape religious persecution and political oppression. By the end of the 19th century, the majority of the immigrants were from Southern and Eastern Europe. After 1921, immigration declined due to new and better conditions in Europe and to limitations established by the U.S. government. The first law was passed by the United States Congress in 1862, restricted immigration to the U.S.. This law forbade American vessels to transport Chinese immigrants to the United States. Later, in the 1800s, the U.S. Congress passed acts which prevented convicts, polygamists, prostitutes and persons suffering from contagious diseases to enter the U.S. In 1917, Congress passed an immigration law that required a literacy test. Aliens unable to meet minimum mental, moral, physical and economic standards were excluded form the U.S. as well. In 1921, a congressional enactment created a quota system for immigrants, by which the number of aliens of any nationality admitted to the United States in a year could not exceed three percent of the number of foreign-born residents of that nationality living in the United States. It would seem that the number would be quite small, however, the year was 1919 and the majority of the U.S. population was foreign born. In 1924, the basic immigration quotas were changed to a system based on the desirability of the different nationalities. A congressional act of 1943 repealed the laws keeping the Chinese from entering the United States. (Microsoft Bookshelf Encyclopedia) One will probably agree that it is

Gender and Language Essay

Other forms which establish their superiority over women is their need for scientific jargon, to prove to women (and sometime themselves) that they are the more intelligent of the two genders. Other male magazines tend to use abbreviated terms for titles or objects, which connote authority, such as ‘FHM’, ‘GQ’ or even ‘MAX POWER’. These titles connote the idea of periodic and scientifically symbols or even macho representations such as G. I Joe. Max Power being a prime example of the bigger is better theory shared by a majority of males. In which case all the titles connote the idea that by reading these magazines they will fundamentally gain enjoyment and authority as well as establishing the male gender as the more dominant of the two. The placing of the title also suggests that what men really want from a magazine is what the media has always believed to be true; Sexually portrayed, attractive young women spread across the front cover, regardless if the title can be seen or not, is always more likely to sell to a male audience rather than another male being shown. The actress Tara Reid is the focus point of the front page and draws the reader in, due to her seductive pose. She is inviting but yet still shows sign of vulnerability and innocents as her ensemble of clothing is of very lacy and more to the point of white fabric, white connoting all that is good and untouched by others. The tag line also insinuates that the article containing her will also be of great interest to a male audience as it is sexually oriented and suggests phallic implications. This has been chosen to suit what is speculated to be the needs of today’s man, which is the chance to be the more dominant of genders and who is capable of giving women security. This ideology and belief has now been shifted, as women today are more than capable of dealing with life much better on their own without a man. Men are also more aware of how women like to be seen as equal to them, and some are very open to this change while others prefer to remain in the past and continue to view women as docile individuals. The cover of ‘Maxim’ doesn’t encourage today’s changes in genders, which suggest this is how they maintain an audience of male chauvinists, or at least to gain their attention. Within the actually magazine stories and articles are very similar to those found in female magazines but obviously aimed at a male audience. It’s very refreshing to see that the barriers between the two sexes are very alike, in terms of language used and design. The typical ‘hard’ image of what men perceive to be has in some ways become more softer and less aggressive, showing that the new man of the twenty-first century can also adapt to new ideas, and that the gap between the two genders draws closer with each generation. Obviously certain aspects of the magazine must be deemed just for a man, or at least of more interest to a man than to a women, for instance an article which expressed ways in which police officers captured and tormented their prisoners, showed images of guns and military dressed young men with vicious blood thirsty dogs barking at the prisoners. The overall affect of the images were very crude and somewhat inhumane, but for some men the idea of human destruction and war will always be of interest to them, for reasons which still hold questions as to why? Overall the identification of this magazine being targeted at a male audience can be said to be true, due to the following aspects: – A Semi- nude female (preferably blond) will be spread across the front page, more identifiable if the female is already well known. – The title expresses a large quantity as mentioned by theorist Raymond Williams that men are prone to the idea that ‘Big is always better’ – Sub-headings denote issues, which contain those related to sport, especially as the world cup is due to start. – And current affair issues which reflect destruction and chaos from around the world whereas with a female magazine the current affairs brought up are mostly directed at individuals who are form the world of showbiz or contain humour. In terms of the last point, female magazines such as ‘MORE! ‘ tend not to dramatise or even discuss issues which reflect those found on the news unless it is of relevance to their British, female audiences. This in some ways might be because they still fear that women are quite frail and are more prone to show emotion to such topics. Hence defeating the object of a magazine being a medium of entertainment, if the issues raised are of a more serious nature. This is where the difference between magazine journalism and that of newspaper journalism lies. As Newspaper writing is aimed at various individuals and not to one set gender or age group it allows for news and entertainment of both kinds to be expressed without the fear of upsetting anyone, as this is what it is set out to do. Magazines such as MORE, are what give female audiences a break from reality and allow them to indulge into the world of gossip and fame. A belief shared by most people, in particularly men, that women enjoy gossip. Mary Crawford states that gossip allows women to communicate with their peers and gives them a sense of comfort; being allowed to know what other people are doing from another world, which in turn is very different to that of their own gives them satisfaction and enjoyment. In conclusion what I have noticed within my brief analysis is that although times have changed male magazines still seem more relatable to today’s society and contain more in-depth issues which a lot of female magazines fear to tread on. However this may only be the start, barriers have already started to break between the two genders and with time these barriers may cease to exist. As women are now given more sexual freedom and social changes have taken place in terms of media influences (for instance commercials now cater for all genders and represent them as equal to men). A lot more of society now embrace the new feminist women and single mothers and radical changes have taken place in order to have reach this state as well as changes from men and their somewhat narcissistic attitudes. A quote, which most women of today’s society can now identify with would be that of Charles Fourier in 1808, which said stated that ‘The extension of women’s rights is the basic of all social change. ‘ In other words allow women to live the way in which they choose and not condemn them for it and changes within the sexes will be made for the better. Bibliography Crawford, M ‘Talking difference: on Gender and Language’, Sage 1995 Fourier C, ‘ Theories of the forth Movement, 1880 Martin, M, ‘Ways of reading’, language and gender, 2000 Williams, R. (1980/1996) ‘Advertising the Magic System’, Media Studies: A Reader

Duty of care Essay

1.1+1.2 Sometimes individuals may want to do something which could be a risk to their health and safety. Being a staff member means having a duty of care to that person, it includes doing everything possible to keep them safe, but also having a duty to respect the individuals rights and choice, therefore there is a dilemma. It could be that the individual no longer wishes to use their walking frame, but their care plan states that they need it to move from place to place and as a member of staff, their responsibility is to ensure and encourage the use of the walking frame for the individual. In this scenario a risk assessment could be carried out to ensure that it is managed as safely as possible. The risks would need to be explained that are involved to the individual and make sure they understand. The staff could come to a compromise, to use a stick for a while instead, to see how they managed, then monitor the situation. All this should be documented including any risk assessment carried out. If the individual still insists on walking unaided they should sign to say they are aware of the risks involved. Another scenario could be that an individual refuses to take their medication. Remind them of why they take the medication and it’s benefits and again advise them of the risks involved in not taking their medication. If they still refuse, ensure this is noted on their medication record and reported so others are aware if a problem occurs. If the individual insists on doing something which is unsafe or risky that is their choice it must be respected as it’s their right, but there is a duty of care to uphold and everything must be done to keep them safe for their individual’s rights. Conflicts could arise between staff to staff. One staff member may think that there is an issue. An example of this is that a member of staff may think a child is a slow developer, and may need additional support to help them, such as with their communication skills. Another staff member may think that there is no issue the child is just developing at their own pace and that it is normal. Everybody has individual rights, they have rights against the duty of care therefore children and parents have the right to privacy, but it is the staffs duty of care to safeguard, therefore any concerns that may arise about abuse would override their privacy, as the duty of care is much stronger. This has the dilemma of making parent feel  that the staff has taken the duty of care too far, as the duty of care has been overridden their right to privacy, their right still exists to only knows that need to no. It is important that issues are raised in such way that shows concern for a child, and not criticising a parent/carer. If a discussion needs to take place, it needs to be where the staff and parent are alone to remain confidentiality with a clear focus on the child’s best interests. 2.3 There are many organisations that are in place to get additional support and advice about conflicts and dilemmas. Learning support is one of these, having learning support in the setting for children with learning difficulties can be a great help, however if the child does not want to seek the help, the staff can only advise them, not force them, however having them in the setting the child would then know they can seek help from them when needed. Speech and behavioural therapists are another additional support for those with speech impairments and behavioural problems, these can come in the help children communicate and feel a part of the setting, and not feel ‘different’ from others around them. The setting can seek advice from child protection, as if there is a worry about a child, the manager can contact them for advice on what to do and if the concern is a serious matter that needs to be taken care of immediately or not. 3.1+3.2 If a parent/guardian has an issue to raise that involves their child or any aspect within the nursery, they should report this to the manager of their child’s room as soon as the issue occurs. All effort is put it to solve issues that are raised in the setting, complaints can be written or verbal, written complaints are usually replied within three months. There is a framework which the issues will be dealt within. A matter relating to a child may be discussed between the parent and child’s key person or their room manager. If a complaint is remained unsolved, the matter will be raised by the childcare services manager with the appropriate authority and the parent will be kept informed on the progress at each stage of the procedure. If a parent arrives in the setting with a complaint the practitioner should establish if this is something they can deal with personally. If it is, they  can deal with it there and then or make an appointment to see the parent if they are currently otherwise occupied. If it is a matter that needs to be dealt with by a more senior member of staff then the parent can be referred in that direction. When a complaint arises, the setting should find a way to prevent this from occurring again and find solutions to overcome the situation. When dealing with complaints the staff member should always remain polite and see the parents point of view. They should take responsibility for what has occurred by understanding and taking control of the situation. Notes could be taken down for reminders what complaints have been received before and these documentations be kept in a secure place, the complaints that are made from a parent should be kept confidential regarding if it is to do with their child or the setting itself.

The eNotes Blog Hmmm Seems to be a Book! Ten Gift Suggestions for ChristmasReading

Hmmm Seems to be a Book! Ten Gift Suggestions for ChristmasReading Among my friends, (who, lets face it, often regard sunlight as the enemy) there can never be a better Christmas present than a coveted book. Most of our friends, family members, and colleagues know we love to read. However,  what  to get your favorite bibliophile can be daunting: Hmmmm well, Diana sorta likes cats. How about this special, 40 lb tome of  Cats Through the Ages?   -or- Who doesnt  want to learn the ancient art of  origami? (*Me) Variation: Who  doesnt  like spy novels?   (*Also me). So, instead of grabbing a random book, here are ten suggestions from my well-read friends that may help you select a welcomed gift that will actually be read: p 10.   Bringing Up the Bodies  by Hilary Mantel   This Man-Booker prize winning sequel, as well as   Mantels first novel  Wolf Hall  (which  also  won the Man-Booker!) are both on my personal list. From Publishers Weekly:  Henry VIIIs challenge to the churchs power with his desire to divorce his queen and marry Anne Boleyn set off a tidal wave of religious, political and societal turmoil that reverberated throughout 16th-century. 9.   Collected Poems of W.B. Yeats   A required volume for lovers of poetry. Both newcomers and those already familiar with the work of Yeats will appreciate this collection which   includes all of the poems authorized by Yeats for inclusion in his standard canon. Breathtaking in range, it encompasses the entire arc of his career, from luminous reworkings of ancient Irish myths and legends to passionate meditations on the demands and rewards of youth and old age, from exquisite, occasionally whimsical songs of love, nature, and art to somber and angry poems of life in a nation torn by war and uprising. 8.  The Language of Flowers  by Vanesa Diffenbach Consider picking this  New York Times  best-seller and recent book club favorite: The Victorian language of flowers was used to convey romantic expressions: honeysuckle for devotion, asters for patience, and red roses for love. But for Victoria Jones, it’s been more useful in communicating mistrust and solitude. After a childhood spent in the foster-care system, she is unable to get close to anybody, and her only connection to the world is through flowers and their meanings. Now eighteen and emancipated from the system with nowhere to go, Victoria realizes she has a gift for helping others through the flowers she chooses for them. But an unexpected encounter with a mysterious stranger has her questioning what’s been missing in her life. And when she’s forced to confront a painful secret from her past, she must decide whether it’s worth risking everything for a second chance at happiness. 7.   January First: A Childs Descent into Madness and Her Fathers Struggle to Save Her  by Michael Scofield A good choice for a lover of non-fiction reads, one friend says the memoir is heartbreaking and engrossing at the same time. I couldnt put it down and read it mostly in one day. At six years old, January Schofield, â€Å"Janni,† to her family, was diagnosed with schizophrenia, one of the worst mental illnesses known to man.   What’s more, schizophrenia is 20 to 30 times more severe in children than in adults and in January’s case, doctors say, she is hallucinating 95 percent of the time that she is awake. Potent psychiatric drugs that would level most adults barely faze her. 7.   The Presidents Club: Inside the Worlds Most Exclusive Fraternity  by Nancy Gibbs and Michael Duffy   Got a political junkie on your list? A friend tells me this is a Cant-Put-It-Down choice. Starting with the surprisingly effective relationship of Harry S. Truman and Herbert Hoover, and following through Obama and His Club,  TIME Magazines Executive Editor Nancy Gibbs and Washington Bureau Chief Michael Duffy trace the surprising, complicated story of the worlds most exclusive fraternity. Sitting presidents and their predecessors have at times proved remarkably simpatico, at others impossible thorns in each others sides. The authors extensive research demonstrates that ex-Presidents have a penchant for morphing from consummate team players into irascible rogues, sometimes within weeks, as they strive both to remain relevant and to shape their own legacies. 6.   The Word Made Flesh: Literary Tattoos from Bookworms Worldwide  by Eva Talmadge and Justin Taylor Under that frayed sports coat lies the heart of a beast! Your English professor or quiet librarian may well be hiding a little secret tattoos that express their love of literature. This beautiful text is a collection of more than 150 full-color photographs of human epidermis indelibly adorned with quotations and illustrations from Dickinson to Pynchon, from Shakespeare to Plath. With beloved lines of verse, literary portraits, and illustrations- and statements from the bearers on their tattoos history and the personal significance of the chosen literary work- The Word Made Flesh  is part collection of photographs and part literary anthology written on skin. 5.   Mr. Penumbras 24-Hour Bookstore  by Robin Sloan Perfect for both the   book lover, bookstore lover,  and mystery fan, Sloans novel is a gleeful and exhilarating tale of global conspiracy, complex code-breaking, high-tech data visualization, young love, rollicking adventure, and the secret to eternal life- mostly set in a hole-in-the-wall San Francisco bookstore. 4.   Fairy Tales from the Brothers Grimm: A New English Version  by Philip Pullman Most people know that the versions of the Grimm Brothers tales many of us grew up with were sanitized verisons of the original stories. In this new edition, author Philip Pullman retells his fifty favorites, from much-loved stories like â€Å"Cinderella† and â€Å"Rumpelstiltskin,† â€Å"Rapunzel† and â€Å"Hansel and Gretel† to lesser-known treasures like â€Å"The Three Snake Leaves, Godfather Death and The Girl with No Hands. At   the end of each tale he offers a brief personal commentary, opening a window on the sources of the tales, the various forms theyve taken over the centuries and their everlasting appeal. 3.   Judging a Book by Its Lover: A Field Guide to the Hearts and Minds of Readers Everywhere  by Laura Leto   This is another entry from my personal Wish List. Do you know how some people snoop through bathroom medicine cabinets or desk drawers? Personally, I eye their bookshelves. Most book lovers do. We want to know what we have in common or who we need to stay away from, often making instant friendships or enemies based on libraries alone. In her study, Leto provides a  hilarious send-up of- and inspired homage to- the passionate and peculiar world of book culture. 2.  Cezanne: A Life  by Alex Danchev Okay, I confess. This is  also  on  my  list (get yer own blog!).   Cezannes life has long fascinated me, and after hearing an interview with Danchev, I am eager to learn more.   Heres an overview: With brisk intellect, rich documentation, and eighty-eight color and fifty-two black-and-white illustrations, Danchev tells the story of an artist who was originally considered a madman, a barbarian, and a sociopath. Beginning with the unsettled teenager in Aix, Danchev takes us through the trials of a painter who believed that art must be an expression of temperament but was tormented by self-doubt, who was rejected by the Salon for forty years, who sold nothing outside his immediate circle until his thirties, who had a family that he kept secret from his father until his forties, who had his first exhibition at the age of fifty-six- but who fiercely maintained his revolutionary beliefs. 1.   Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln  by Doris Kerns Goodwin Steven Spielbergs wonderful new film Lincoln  was largely based on the research of famed historian Doris Kearns Goodwin. Anyone interested in politics or history will certainly enjoy this compelling re-examination of the drama surrounding the eventual adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment.

Christology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Christology - Essay Example Acts 2:32-32 says, â€Å"This Jesus hath God raised up, whereof we all are witnesses. Therefore being by the right hand of God exalted, and having received of the Father the promise of the Holy Ghost, He hath shed forth this, which ye now see and hear†. Some other instances where this resurrection is the central theme are Acts 3:13-18; 4:10-12; 5:29-32; 10:37-43, and so on. Similarly, one can find this resurrection as the main theme in the Epistles. To illustrate, in 1 Corinthians 15, Paul provides a number of reasons why this resurrection is the basis of Christian faith. When some people in Corinth fail to believe in the resurrection of the dead, Paul explains the various dire consequences in the absence of resurrection. First, the act of preaching Christ will be futile, and hence, even faith in Christ will be useless. If Jesus were not resurrected from the dead, no one would be redeemed from sin as promised. That means all the preachers would be liars and Christians would be come a pitiable lot on the earth. Thus, one can see that it is this resurrection which gave the disciples enough courage and faith in what they preached. Secondly, the late 60s AD witnessed persecution of Christians by the Nero-led Roman government. In 62 AD, both Peter and Paul were executed, and this persecution continued till the early 4th century. In order to make the early Christians face the cruelties boldly, and to sacrifice their own life for this great cause, Jesus’ success over death acted as a catalyst (Vinzent 143). With this spirit, Romans 12:1 says, â€Å"I appeal to you therefore, brothers, by the mercies of God, to present your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and acceptable to God, which is your spiritual worship†. Moreover, the Old Testament is full of prophesy about the resurrection, and for those who believed in Scriptures, the saviour is the one who would win over death. To illustrate, Hosea 5:15 reads, â€Å"I will go and return to my place, till they

2. Compare and contrast the motivations of a Middle Eastern terrorist Essay

2. Compare and contrast the motivations of a Middle Eastern terrorist organization with those of a domestic terrorist group. What are the similarities and differences - Essay Example In addition, the gravity of a threat passed by terrorist organization or group is dependent on organization or group’s degree of capability and intent. Domestic terrorist groups function usually within and against their nation of residence. The general motivational categories of domestic terrorist group include nationalism, ethnocentrisms, separatism, and revolution. In the context of nationalism, domestic terrorist groups are motivated by national consciousness and devotion as well as loyalty to the nation. The group’s intent can be to split the existing nation or establish a new one that incorporates the alleged national identity. Revolutionary motivation involves group’s attempts to put an end to a conventional order and reinstate governance with a novel social or political structure. Ethnocentric motivation of domestic terrorist group regard racial or ethnic characteristic as major societal defining factor. Furthermore, separatist motivation involves separation from entities or systems through political autonomy, independence, or religious domination or freedom. Separatists promote ideologies such as anti-imperial ism, social equity or justice, and opposition to occupation or conquest by foreign power. The overall ideologies of domestic terrorist group are framed by social, religious, or political purpose (U.S. Department of State, 2007). On the other hand, Middle Eastern terrorist organizations such as al-Qaeda primarily operate in their geographic region and between nations. Al-Qaeda usually operates in multiple countries, and maintains focus for its operations with the co-ordination from a particular region. Al-Qaeda focuses on the value of notoriety because of the resultant spectacular attacks and mass media exploitation. One of the common motivations of al-Qaeda and other Middle Eastern terrorist organizations is the Islamic

Nothing has color, color is false truth Term Paper

Nothing has color, color is false truth - Term Paper Example Through such introduction, our mind captures such information and is recoded in our minds, only to be retrieved later when the information is needed. The existence of colors on an object may be therefore an illusion as it does not exist in an object. In this thesis paper, a deeper examination is carried out on the validity of claiming that colors dont exist through an evaluation of numerous arguments on the same through past and current studies. Through numerous studies on colors, philosophers have argued on the existence of colors in an object, especially on skeptics of color on whether it exist or not. In my view, through what we learn about colors, an interpretation of the same is usually reflected immediately we the object associated with color. In the case of a tomato as discussed by Charles Landesman, the color red is used as a sample to explain on the assumption we tend to have color. To our understanding, we even anticipate on what we expect to see through our assumptions on what color is associated with which object. In this case, the belief that tomatoes are red is skeptical as this can be criticized through the underst anding our mind on the reason to which tomatoes may lack a color to be associated with (Werner p.215). Through the use of biological science, numerous scientific explanations can be used to explain the reasons we tend to perceive, that tomatoes are red in color. Similarly, there are several cases where our brain tends to give feedback that is direct to what we want to see. In most cases, this is based on the argument that when we set our minds in particular manner, we tend to get a similar interpretation of an object. In regards to a tomato being red, the chemical reactions of an object and the reflection of light may give a different meaning of an object. The majority of people may suggest on what they want to see, rather than the reality of an object. We tend to perceive things through our past experiences, especially on what has

Evolution of Dance Essay Example for Free

Evolution of Dance Essay Thesis: Dance has unquestionably came a long way and it is important that we know what the initial purpose of dance was when it was first introduced, the many benefits that dance offers and how dance is used today in many ways such as recreation and entertainment. Organizational Pattern: Topical I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: â€Å"Dancing is the loftiest, the most moving, the most beautiful of the arts. For it is no mere translation or abstraction of life. It is life itself. † This is a quote by British writer and psychologist Henry Havelock Ellis. B. Relevance: Some of you may not realize it but dance plays a large role in your lives. Many of us college students love to party and what’s a party without dancing? When you’re around your friends and the music is loud, you can’t help but to start dancing. C. Credibility: Being a dancer for thirteen years, I’ve always found any and everything about dance fascinating. The art of dance has always been a passion of mine. D. Thesis: Dance has unquestionably came a long way and it is important that we know what the initial purpose of dance was when it was first introduced, the many benefits that dancing offers and how dance is used today in many ways such as recreation and entertainment. E. Preview: With this in mind, I will first inform you on the history of dance and how it began, next, I will give you the many benefits there are that comes with dancing and lastly, I will tell you how dance has changed and how it is used the today. Transition: To begin, I will first inform you on the history of dance and how it began. II. Body A. First, the history and initial purpose of dance will be discussed. 1. Dance first began as ritual in Egypt. According to an article from History World, an online encyclopedia created by a group of historians in 1994 , â€Å"†¦priests and priestesses, accompanied by harps and pipes, perform stately movements which mime significant events in the story of a god, or imitate cosmic patterns such as the rhythm of night and day. † At Egyptian funerals, women would often dance to express grief of the mourners. 2. Dancing in ancient Egypt was an accepted part of life. a. Different festivals such as the Sed-Festival and the Opet-Festival were all accompanied by dancers. Their movements often brought joy to spectators. The movements of the ancient Egyptian dancers, particularly the women, are called by scholars such as J. Gardner Wilkinson in his 1837 essay, and by Eugen Strouhal in his book Life in Ancient Egypt, elegant, graceful, even acrobatic. b. Not only were the movements of the dance elegant, but so were the costumes the dancers wore. Women wore very sheer robes, or simply belt girdles, often made of beads or shells, so that their bodies could move about freely. Men dancers wore tall headdresses made of reeds and kilts around their waists. Today, their appearance would be seen as provocative but the Egyptians did not view the naked body the way that we see it today. Transition: Now that you know a brief history about the initial purpose of dance, I will now tell you about some of the many benefits that dance offers. B. Did you know, according to Love To Know Online, a website created to give reliable answers to women for 25 years, casual social dancing is the equivalent of going for a four-mile walk? And that if you do high-energy salsa dancing, you’ll get an even better workout? 1. Getting an awesome workout and remaining physically fit is only one of the many benefits that dance offers. It is not only a great workout, but it’s also a lot of fun! Today, we have so many choices of how we can dance and stay in shape. Classes offered in and out of home such as Zumba Fitness, Flirty Girl Fitness and newly introduced Hip-Hop Abs are all fun and great ways to have fun and shed pounds at the same time. 2. Dance also encourages a better social life and outlook. Being a part of a dance team or class builds friendships and relationships with people from different cultural settings, which also helps with working with people in various workplaces. 3. Another proven benefit of dance is that dancers are known to be disciplined, focused, and high achievers who tend to be successful students and hard workers. Transition: Now that you know some of the awesome benefits that dance offers, we will now see how dance is used today. C. From games such as Just Dance and The Michael Jackson Experience, dance has come a long way from being rituals that described a certain event to everyday recreation and entertainment. 1. Recreational dance has become more popular in the last decade or so. Working at a dance studio back home, I noticed that many parents are enrolling their children into dance classes, not to pursue a professional career, but to keep their children busy with something fun and positive. In fact, people of all ages are starting to dance just as recreation at local studios and community centers. 2. Dance as entertainment has also escalated over the past decades or so. From T. V. shows such as Soul Train back in the day to So You Think You Can Dance and Dancing With the Stars, people all over the world find pleasure and entertainment in watching these shows. Many people even subscribe to various YouTube channels that feature great dancers of all ages and all genres of dance. 3. Today, the music that is being produced from artists and DJ’s such as Skrillex, Benny Benassi and David Guetta has one main focus. Dance. This EDM, electronic dance music, is targeted to people who love to dance. Whether its professionally or just jamming to some good sound at a party, young and even older people love to groove to EDM. [Show clip. ] Transition: Now you can see dance is used today in so many ways. III. Conclusion A. Thesis/Summary: Dance has surely come a long way since ancient Egypt. In ancient Egypt, dance was ritual for them. They danced at every ceremony and festival and it was honorable to the people. On the other hand, dance today has many benefits physically and socially and is used as entertainment and recreation worldwide. Dance has become one of the largest past times that people really enjoy. B. Memorable Close: Dance is an expression from the soul and often done indescribably. So the next time you’re at the gym, or having a good time at a party, dance like no one’s watching. References Gascoigne, B. (2001). History of dance. n. d. , from, www. historyworld. net/wrldhis/plaintextstories. asp? historyid Kim, C. (2003). Fun facts of dance. n. d. , from, www. luv2dance. com/fun-facts-of-dance/ Havelock, E (1923). The dance of life. Massachusetts: Praeger Anonymous (2012, July 12). The explosive growth of EDM. Electronic Dance Music Snob.

Causes of Private Security Industry Growth

Causes of Private Security Industry Growth The increase in criminal activity and the heightened fear of crime, has led to the growth of the private security industry. This paper will address the expansion of private security and discuss the extent to which the services offered by private security reflects those that are offered by the state. It will firstly locate the discourse of what constitutes private security and public security. It will then analyze the factors that have contributed to the expansion of the private security industry and provide examples of this expansion. Finally, the essay will briefly discuss how this expansion has affected and benefitted the hotel industry, which for the most part, relies on private security for its sustainability. The field of private security is relatively new, and project many dimensions which are yet to be explored and defined. Not least of which is the contentious issue of defining â€Å"security† and positioning the concept within the discourse of private security. (Gill: 2006) The contention is relevant because security is an umbrella term utilized by many disciplines, and private security in the 21st century is not only about protection by arms or coercion, it is also about protecting electronic data and other technological assets. Although private security has often been linked to policing, it has proven to be a controversial topic to pin down by definition. Freedman (1992) simplified the concept by stating that security is achieved â€Å"when bad things do not happen rather than when good things do†. Zedner emphasized that security is not only about prevention but it is also about â€Å"the positive reinforcement of public perceptions of their safety.† (Zedner: 20 00) Button offered the following definition of private security: â€Å"The term ‘private security’ is a generic term used to describe an amalgam of distinct industries and professions bound together by a number of functions, including crime prevention, order maintenance, loss reduction and protection†¦The industry also includes certain public sector security employees†¦where their role is paralleled in the private sector industry, the interest served is private and they hold no special statutory powers.† (Button: 2002) However, a consensus has developed that policing is a function of the state, associated with a number of practices aimed at ensuring the adherence to rules and regulations, preventing and reacting to crime, restoring order and utilizing a variety of methods including the bearing of arms to achieve these aims. (Shearing and Stenning: 1983) Given that many of these functions correspond with keeping on the right side of juridical laws, policing has been traditionally seen as a function of the state. Nevertheless, with the increase in the fear of crime, sprung many entities that that carry out these same very functions, but they are not â€Å"the police† – they operate under what is known as the private security industry. The area of private security that most resembles public policing is contract security. Johnston (2000) maintains that contract security can be separated into four sections: physical/mechanical security, electronic security, staffed services and in-house se curity such as protection of assets for factories, banks, etc. While employment rate figures within the private security sector are notably unreliable, available evidence indicate that the high number of persons employed within the sector has significantly increased and points to a definite expansion. In 1998, the estimated 180,000 staff size of within the security services and equipment sector was â€Å"equivalent to the combined police and civilian staff of the 43 constabularies in England and Wales†. (Jones and Newburn: 1998) The UK Census data for 1951-1991 showed that there was a 240% increase in the number of persons employed in private security as opposed to a 100% increase in police employment during the same period. By 2000, George and Button reported that there were 217,000 private security personnel directly engaged in policing, while the number of police officers (excluding non-Home Office police workers) stood at 156, 300 in the United Kingdom. (George and Button: 2000) In Canada and the United States, the public police have shared the task of policing with the private organizations and private security personnel outnumbering the staff compliment of their national police force since 1977. (Shearing and Stenning: 1983) The most visible evidence of the expansion of private security is the high number of contract security personnel employed by private enterprises. With more governments being fiscally responsible and seeking to restrict public spending (Jones and Newburn: 1997), governments do not have the resources to provide the kind of security that private entities desire. This has ushered in a slow erosion of the state’s monopoly on policing. Another reason for the expansion of private security is the fact that many public activities now occur within private spaces. Examples of this are large shopping malls with hundreds of stores as separate entities, residential compounds and university campuses. Public policing is traditionally mandated to utilize its limited resources to operate on state owned property e.g. streets and parks. Owners of private properties have also demonstrated a preference for private security since it gives them more control over their property and the public is increasingly aware that limited resources mean that state security has to be dispensed with â€Å"police discretion†, wherein, many factors can affect which crimes are prioritized. (Newburn and Reiner: 2007) In light of these developments, private security is indeed mirroring the services traditionally offered by the state to protect property. (Shearing and Stenning: 1983) Consequently, the blurring of the lines between the state police and private security to protect private spaces, have resulted in private security adopting levels of legal authority which sometimes exceed those of the public police. For example, it is now common for private security in stores, malls and businesses to demand and carry out random searches, insist on the surrender of property for entry or exit of a property and to disclose personal information. (Zedner: 2000) The move by governments to engage and solicit community participation to combat crime, has resulted in many neighbourhood watch programs and initiatives that buy into the concepts of private security. Zedner (2000) posits that as governments push policies that encourage more personal responsibility for safety, it has provided the environment for private security to blossom. It is essential to note, that private security has also expanded because of a lack of trust in the ability of the state to provide personal security, especially to standards demanded by 21st century business owners and customers. Zedner explains that the expansion â€Å"reflects a loss of faith in the guarantees offered by the formal system of state security†. (Zedner: 2000) This however means that private security has developed as a highly commercialized commodity where only those who can afford it will receive the benefits of â€Å"peace of mind† and sense of security that it provides. One industry which has bought into the protection guarantees sold by the private security industry, is the hotel and hospitality industry. The paper will now examine how private security has expanded within the hotel industry. The nature of the hotel industry requires an assurance to customers that they and their possessions are safe so that they do not have the security concerns which they may harbour in their own homes. However, hotels are also uniquely placed to be the targets of criminals which may take advantage of its non-intrusive atmosphere and the many opportunities it presents for a diverse range of illegal activities such as: theft, fraud, public order issues, prostitution and being used as bases by criminals. (Gill et al: 2007) The range of security issues for hotels is reflected in the operations of the many contracted private security firms. Some of these issues are: ensuring well lit hotel corridors, CCTV in car parks and lobbies, entrances and exits, having security officers trained in unarmed defence, plain clothes personnel bearing firearms, site arrests by security personnel leading to convictions, security patrols by plain clothes and uniformed personnel and security personnel carrying handcuffs. (Shortt and Ruys: 1994) In fact, Gill (2006) asserts that many private security personnel have been formally accredited by the police, to assist in policing entities like hotels in their capacity as private security agents. It is therefore conclusive to say that, indeed, private security has greatly expanded, and the discussion and examples presented in this paper, provide some indication of why and how this expansion has occurred. Not only do private security personnel now perform many duties formerly conducted by the state police, but in many cases they are encouraged by the state to compliment crime prevention and property protection efforts. Furthermore, the increasingly individualistic nature of most societies, suggests that self-reliance and dependency on private security will only become more entrenched. It is near impossible to locate security services by the state in democratic societies, which are not duplicated by private security interests. (Gill (2006) Consequently, it is almost universally accepted that security in modern societies will henceforth be a cooperative effort between the state and the private security industry. Bibliography Button, M. (2002) Private Policing. Cullompton: Willan Publishing. George, B. Button, M. (2000) Private Security. Leicester: Perpetuity Press. Gill, M., Moon, C., Seaman, P., Turbin, V. (2007) Security Management and Crime in Hotels. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 14 (2), pp. 58-64. Gill, M. (ed.) (2006) The Handbook of Security. New York: Macmillan Freedman, L. (1992) ‘The Concept of Security’ in M. Hawkesworth and M. Kogan (eds.) Encyclopedia of Government and Politics, Vol. 2, London: Routledge, 73G-41. Johnston, L. (2000) Policing Britain: Risk, Security and Governance. Harlow: Longman. Jones, T. and Newburn, T. (1997) Policing After the Act: Police Governance After the Police and Magistrates’ Courts Act 1994. London: Policy Studies Institute. Newburn, T., Reiner, R. (2007) ‘Policing the Police’ in Mike Maguire, Rod Morgan, Robert Reiner (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Shearing, C. and Stenning, P. (1983) Private Security: Implications for Social Control. Social Problems, Vol. 30 (5), pp. 493-506. Shortt, G. and Ruys, H. (1994) Hotel Security: The Needs of the Mature Age Market. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 6 (5), pp. 14-19. Zedner, L. (2000) ‘The Pursuit of Security’ in Tim Hope and Richard Sparks (eds.) Crime, Risk and Insecurity: Law and Order in Everyday Life and Political Discourse. London: Routledge.

The Effects of Gangs :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Effects of Gangs What is a gang? According to Steven Sachs, a probation officer since 1978, it is "a structured, cohesive group of individuals, usually between the ages of eleven and twenty-five, who generally operate under some form of leadership while claiming a territory or turf," (Sachs XV). Distinctive clothing, the use of special street names, language, symbols and signs, and the committing of organized and spontaneous criminal acts describe some of the characteristics of a gang. Gang members can be male or female, but they are most often male. Jeffery Fagan and Joan Moore, researchers who primarily use self-reports and observations in the field, estimate that female participation in gangs may be as high as 33 percent. In the first national survey that was conducted by Walter Miller in 1975, he estimated that 48 percent of gang members in the six largest cities in the United States were black, 36 percent Hispanic, 9 percent white, and 7 percent Asian. A few years later, in a more extensive surv ey in nine of the largest cities, Miller found that 44 percent of all gang members were Hispanic, 43 percent black, 9 percent white, 4 percent Asian. Based on these statistics, he speculated that illegal Hispanic immigrants may have contributed to the increasing number of gangs in California (Kinnear 76). Gangs are often rooted in the historical experience of discrimination and economic struggle. White gangs exist mainly to promote and act on racist beliefs, such as the Ku Klux Klan and the Skinheads. Black gangs, Blood and CRIP, formed mainly for protection from other gangs. Hispanic gangs like Latin Kings and Sureno are typically concerned with the self-respect and integrity of their neighborhood. Asian gangs including Chinese and Korean are perhaps more organized than the Hispanic or Black gangs and have been associated with gambling, prostitution, and narcotics on a more sophisticated and profitable level than other types of gangs. They are also more mobile (Landre, Miller, Port er 4). As a result of gangs, increased use and dealing of drugs, a person's sense of belonging to a gang, and gang related crimes have had negative effects on society. Many of the images of gangs, based primarily on media reports, include the use of alcohol and drugs. People tend to believe that gangs sell drugs to make extra money or even that many of them are structured as mini-corporations and are heavily involved in the drug trade.

Cultural Differences and Translation of Idioms Essay

Language and culture are closely connected and inseparable, as a language idiom is the essence of the deposition of the fascinating history and culture. Because of geography, history, religion, customs and other aspects of life differences between Chinese and English Idioms carrying characteristics of the different cultures and cultural information, so English-Chinese Idioms often encounter many difficulties. From the geographical environment, historical background, customs and religious beliefs described four aspects of cultural differences between Britain and China on the impact of the formation of their respective idioms, and detailed description of English Idioms translation to deal with this cultural difference in several commonly used translation . Keywords: language; culture; cultural differences; Idioms Translation 1, English idioms and cultural differences reflected in the (A) The environment  The natural environment is mankind’s survival and the basis for the development of different natural environment of the formation and development of national culture have different effects. Chinese people living in the vast expanse of fertile continent of East Asia, China since ancient times is a large agricultural country, the land in people’s lives is vital. Therefore, there is a considerable portion of Chinese agriculture and land-related idioms. Such as ‘good weather†dead end†extermination†big spenders’ and so on. Britain is an island surrounded by water. Maritime history, have been living in a world leader, so in English and will have a lot of water, fish, and marine-related idiom. Such as weak as water (fragile), drink like a fish (booze), to miss the boat (missed opportunities), all at sea (a loss). In the Chinese cultural atmosphere, the ‘wind’ that is ‘spring wind’, in the summer heat often associated with the Ku Shu, ‘scorch like fire’, ‘Jiaoyangsihuo’ is often used to describe the summer term . The United Kingdom is located in the western hemisphere north temperate zone, is a marine climate, the report is that the message of spring westerly, the British poet Shelley’s ‘West Wind Song’ (ode to the west wi nd) is the right spring Acura. England’s summer season is warm and pleasant, often with ‘lovely’, ‘moderate’, ‘OK’ connected. Shakespeare in his sonnets in one compared to the summer of love, Shall I compare thee to asummer’s day? Thou are more lovely and more temperate. (B) The historical allusion  From a certain point of view that language is a nation’s cultural memory and precipitation, the large number of Chinese idioms are based on the nation’s history, economy, culture, traditions, habits, formed the basis, with a strong national cultural characteristics of and far-reaching social and historical origins, often can not be understood from the literal meaning and translation. Such as ‘mere copycat’, ‘Minglasunshan’, ‘lose the wife of another soldier off†Three Stooges, the top one wise’ and so on. English idioms idioms come from the ‘Bible’ and the Greek and Roman mythology, but also have their specific content, such as Achilles’heel (the only fatal weakness), meetone’s waterloo (suffered a crushing defeat), a Pandora’s box (Pandora’s box), the Trojanhorse (Trojan horse from Greek mythology), arrow of Cupid ( , from Roman mythology). (C) The difference between practice In traditional Chinese culture, the dragon is a symbol of auspicious animals. In feudal society, imperial dragon is a symbol, authority and elegance. Thus, in Chinese and dragon-related idioms generally contain compliment. Such as ‘Dragon and Phoenix Succeed†Ã¢â‚¬ Chenglongkuaixu’ and so on. However, myths and legends of the West, dragon wings, it is a long, scaly body, dragging a long tail, fire-breathing from the mouth of animals, it is terrifying. Therefore, as Long as the murderous havoc Westerners thing, to be eliminated. In addition, the dog in Chinese is a humble animal. Chinese idioms with dog-related mostly derogatory: ‘Fox Peng Dog Party’, ‘Goujitiaoqiang’, ‘a dog’s mouth spit no ivory’ and so on, while in the Western English-speaking countries, dogs are considered man’s most loyal friend . English idiom In addition to the dog’s part due to the impact of other languages, which includes a derogatory sense, most of them are not meant to be derogatory. Idioms in English, often with the dog’s image to describe human behavior. If Youare a lucky dog (you are one lucky), Every dog has his day (mortal Jieyou proud days). In contrast, the Chinese people are very loved cats, with the ‘Chan Mao’ metaphor man gluttonous, often intimate components, while in Western culture, ‘cat’ is used to metaphor ‘a malicious woman’. (Iv) religious beliefs. Every nation has its own religious beliefs and religious culture, its people’s values and lifestyle of the formation and language have a subtle impact. In the long history of several thousand years, the Chinese nation is predominantly Buddhist and Taoist. Therefore, there are many Chinese Buddhism, Taoism-related idioms, such as ‘Jiehuaxianfo †Road†Bearing in mind that’ and so on. In addition, the Chinese people still worship gods, such as ‘right and proper†thank God†Heaven always leaves people a way out’ and so on. Chinese emperors also claim to be ‘true sons of the dragon’. In the United Kingdom and other Western countries, the greatest impact of religion is Christianity. In the Western mind, God has a supreme supernatural power. There are also a number of English idioms with the God-related idioms. If God helps those who help themselves (God helps those who help themselves), Man proposes, God disposes (Man proposes, God disposes days). Curse a person is often said that God damn you, danger often said after the Thank God, or God bless you. Christian doctrine ‘Bible’ has been regarded as a classic of Western culture. Many English idioms is precisely because of this. Such as the finger on the wall (writing on the wall), cast one’s bread upon the waters (really do good, without asking for anything). From the above aspects, we can see the impact of culture on idiom far-reaching and extensive. To correctly understand the English language learners and successful conduct of Idioms Idioms translation, we must first English-Chinese have a deep understanding of both cultures. Second, the main method Idioms Translation Translation is the conversion between the two languages, while the close relationship between language and culture conversion request must be in the language of cultural conversion. In view of this, the translator can not be literally literal translation, we must better understand the culture behind the literal information, using the original understanding of the original language and cultural knowledge to their own understanding, based on in another language such as that of the target language for the kinds of transformation, for the reader to pass the original translation accurate information, press ‘functional equivalence’ principle so that ‘the reader to reflect the same’. Therefore, the idioms translated the one hand, as far as possible with the original meaning of ‘the most appropriate, the most natural reproduction of such words come out’, with Nida’s words, that is, ‘The best translation does no t sound like a translation’; the other On the one hand, but also make every effort to display the original cultural information on the translation readers to understand the cultural information contained in the original. Main methods are: reposted elsewhere in the paper for free Download Center http://www. hi138. com (A) Literal Translation. The so-called literal translation method, is not against the target language norms, and Lenovo are not under the conditions that caused the error in the translation to retain the original idiom metaphor, image and national, local features approach. It applies to some extent due to the use of a wide number of more of its literal meaning and metaphorical meaning has been widely accepted by the reader for the translation idioms. If a gentleman’s agreement (a gentleman’s agreement); armed to the teeth (armed to the teeth); to fish in troubled water (fish in troubled waters); paper tiger (paper tiger); (draw water in a bamboo basket). Literal translation of the advantage of being able to retain more complete image of the original idiom metaphor, ethnic style, color and language. However, if the interpreter too much or too literal translation properly, it’s easy to make the reader feel funny or ridiculous, even give rise to misunderstanding or error association. Such as: (Until all is over, ambition never dies. ), The Pig falsely accuse the Chinese (To put blame on one’s victim.) ‘Yellow’ and ‘The Pig’ and other words have an obvious cultural traits, if the literal translation, foreign readers will not understand why, only to ‘functional equivalence’ approach interpreter to readers in the East and the West has caused and is willing to match feelings. (B) literal explanation France In order to preserve the cultural information contained in the original, it is more use of literal, rather than paraphrase, but because of language rooted in the cultural soil is different from literal translation is likely to be ambiguous and vague. In this case, only in conjunction with appropriate annotation in order to pass the original text of cultural information. For example, a Don Juan (Don Juan, which means Merry prodigal son), to carry coals to New castle (coal to Newcastle, means superfluous, Newcastle – a British coal Center), N. (show off one’s proficiency with axe before L u Ban, the master carpenter), mere copycat (The ugly imitates the beautiful in such a destroyed way that the ugliness of the ugly becomes worse. ). (C) the equivalent ILL Method. Idioms right and others are reflected in three aspects, namely metaphor meaning, form and emotional metaphors. Some English Idioms and Chinese idioms, whether in content or in form or emotional, both relatively close to this time, idioms translated to equivalent ILL method can be used, or apply the law synonymous idiom. This approach not only to retain the image of the source language, style, consistent with the target language the language of the structure and habits, allowing the reader to easily understand the text of the translation to convey meaning, and thus the smooth realization of cross-cultural exchange. Such as burn the boat (most drastic); greatminds think alike (Great minds think alike); turn a deaf ear to (ignored); a drop in the ocean (drop in the ocean). (D) translation method Translation method refers to the translation, to retain only the meaning of the original forms of expression rather than to retain the original method. When due to cultural differences can not be literally translated, nor synonymous idioms can be borrowed, together with the explanatory text then would lose the essence of the characteristics of idioms, it is best to avoid their cultural background and its meaning can be translated. If a skeleton in the cupboard (family scandal), driven to revolt (be forced to do something), (frankly speaking), volunteered (to volunteer one’s service). Zhang Ling: Cultural differences and Idioms translation of this approach also applies to those using concrete and plain metaphor to illustrate the more abstract reasoning, and language vivid and witty tag line. Such as the ‘donkey to see libretto – wait and see’ can be translated  as wait and see, ‘dog bites Lu Tung-pin, did not know good people’ can be translated to snap and snarl at a kind hearted man. 3, Conclusion English and each has its own cultural imprint colors and cultures between the two there is a large cultural differences. The impact of culture on idiom is multifaceted, non-English-Chinese translation of idioms is not. While the translation of idioms, especially those rich in cultural information, Idioms, and there is no fixed pattern in the end that the method should be adopted according to the context of flexible options. In addition, the process of translation the translator must not only consider the language of conversion, but also to enhance cultural awareness, from the standpoint of cross-cultural communication, using an appropriate mode of translation, try to eliminate the cross-cultural communication caused by cultural differences communication barriers, to achieve an accurate description of the purpose of a foreign culture. References: [1] Chen Ding-an. English Rhetoric and Translation [M]. Hong Kong: Commercial Press, 1996. [2] Ping-hong, Zhang Guoyang. English Idioms and Anglo-American culture, [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Education and Research Press, 1999. [3] Hu Wenzhong. Introduction to Intercultural Communication [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Education and Research Press, 1999. [4] Fang dream. Translation New Theory and Practice [M]. Qingdao: Qingdao Publishing House, 1999. [5] FENG Qing-hua. Practical Translation (update) [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2002. [6] Sun Hui-jun, ZHENG Qing-Zhu. Translation studies in the cultural shift [J]. Chinese translation, 2000, (05). Reposted elsewhere in the Research Papers Download http://www. hi138. com.